Histological And Immunohistochemical Staining
Rats that survived 3 months after transplantation were sacrificed with an overdose of chloral hydrate and fixed by intracardiac perfusion with 300 mL of saline followed by 300 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde . Brains were removed, post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 4 h, and cryoprotected in 30% w/v sucrose in PBS for 20 h. Brains were then frozen and embedded in OCT medium and sectioned at 510-m.
For Nissl staining, sections mounted on glass slides were dried overnight. Slides were immersed in 0.025% cresyl violet in 90 mM acetic acid and 10 mM sodium acetate for 3 h, followed by dehydration in ascending ethanol and xylene series. Slides were then coverslipped with Histochoice mounting media .
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Apda In Your Community
APDAUncategorizedRhinorrhea in Parkinsons disease
Rhinorrhea is the technical term for runny nose. It literally means fluid from the nose and can refer to anything flowing from it. Carol Jacques, the nurse practitioner who worked with me for several years, pointed out many years ago that a lot of our patients with Parkinsons disease had a runny nose. I didnt think much of it. She found that a nasal spray worked very well and shed prescribe it, with wonderful results. I patted her on the back and paid little attention.
At this point I decided to do a study. Better late than never.I simply compared people with Parkinsons Disease to people without Parkinsons Disease to determine if runny nose was more common in PD. After all, if rhinorrhea is common in PD, it also may be common in older folks in general, just like constipation or arthritis.
Parkinsons Disease: What You Should Know About The Second Most Common Degenerative Disorder After Alzheimers
Over one million Americans are living with Parkinsons Disease , with 60,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Many people do not realize that Parkinsons is the second most common degenerative neurological disorder after Alzheimers disease. A number of well-known individuals have been diagnosed with and lived with Parkinsons, including boxer Muhammad Ali, singers Johnny Cash and Neil Diamond, and actors Robin Williams, Alan Alda and Michael J. Fox. Their diagnoses have helped to bring more awareness to this disorder.
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What Is Gimoti Nasal Spray
Gimoti is a new FDA approved nasal spray formulation of metoclopramide. We do not recommend this for use in Parkinsons or movement disorders. This medication formulation has been associated with movement disorders similar to the pill form. The company also states that there are potential effects such as other changes in muscle control and movement, such as, uncontrolled spasms of your face and neck muscles, or muscles of your body, arms, and legs , parkinsonism slight shaking, body stiffness, and trouble moving or keeping your balance, being unable to sit still or feeling that you need to move your hands, feet, or body , Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome a very rare but very serious condition. NMS can lead to death and must be treated in a hospital, and depression, thoughts about suicide, and suicide.
To read more books and articles by Michael S. Okun MD check on and these websites with blogs and information on his books and #Livingwith Parkinsons #EndingPD #Parkinsonsecrets #LessonsFromTheBedside
He also serves as the Medical Advisor for the Parkinsons Foundation.
To see more on Dr. Indu Subramanian she does live interviews of experts in Parkinsons for the PMD Alliance.
The blog artist is Jonny Acheson.
Dystonia Recovery Program Neuroplasticity Training For Dystonia: A Full Body Recovery Experience
teaches that re-training breathing is one of the top priority areas in any progressive symptom reduction plan. Dr Farias views PD as a form of generalized dystonia. However, Dr Farias also coaches that breathing techniques which force the diaphragm to move will actually make the situation worse for people with dystonia and PD, causing the diaphragm muscle to go into even greater spasm. This matches my own experience, since I have always found deep breathing exercises from other modalities to be more triggering of my symptoms, and hence detrimental, rather than being helpful/relaxing. Indeed, he teaches that deep breathing does not mean forced breathing, or even taking in lots of air, but breathing small amounts with controlled finesse of the diaphragm. He talks about small breaths going all the way down, and demonstrates how to breathe from the diaphragm without the neck or ribs engaging at all. Apparently, forms of cervical dystonia can be completely recovered from through breathing exercises alone, but this has to be done ever so gently over a very long time.
Dr Fariass success with clients at least shows that unhealthy breathing habits can be changed over time even with movement disorders, and doing so can greatly benefit quality of life. I personally know it is possible to fix breathing issues, even with Parkinsons Disease, as some time ago I sorted out my lifelong mouth breathing habits, and now naturally default to nose breathing,
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What Should I Do If I Forget A Dose
Diphenhydramine is usually taken as needed. If your doctor has told you to take diphenhydramine regularly, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.
Correlation Between Pneumological Drugs And Pd
In this scenario, the effects of drugs commonly used by the pneumologist should also be considered. For instance, some studies recently reviewed by Hopfneret al. postulated the possible correlation between -adrenoreceptors and PD . Anticholinergic drugs are frequently used for obstructive pulmonary disorders and systemic anticholinergics may play a part in PD . Acetylcholine has a key role in modulating dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia, and its inhibition may increase central dopaminergic tone . Anticholinergic bronchodilators might have central effects, as reported by some authors . An effect on motor disturbances in PD may be reasonable, even if to our knowledge this has not been investigated in the current literature. However, it should be considered that anticholinergics may be associated with cognitive impairment and delirium , and these adverse effects may be even more common in the advanced stage of PD, when dementia is a very common feature.
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Breathing Problems And Parkinsons Disease
Usually, trouble breathing is not thought of as a symptom of PD. Those with PD who complain of this will typically have testing of their heart and lung function. This is necessary since, as we continue to emphasize, a person with PD can develop medical problems unrelated to PD and needs every new symptom evaluated like someone without PD. However, often the testing does not reveal a cardiac or pulmonary abnormality. Could difficulty breathing be a symptom of PD itself?
There are a number of ways in which difficulty breathing may be a symptom of PD:
Shortness of breath can be a wearing-OFF phenomenon
Some non-motor symptoms can fluctuate with brain dopamine levels, which means that they change as a function of time from the last levodopa dose. For some people, shortness of breath can be one of the non-motor symptoms that appears when medication levels are low. However, shortness of breath can be due to anxiety which can also be a wearing-OFF phenomenon. Sometimes it is not possible to determine whether the key symptom is anxiety or shortness of breath. Treatment involves changing medication dosing and timing so that OFF time is minimized. You can view this webinar which discusses the concept of wearing OFF and potential treatments.
Abnormal breathing can be a type of dyskinesia
Restrictive lung disease
Aspiration pneumonia
Sleep apnea
What Treatment Is Recommended For A Runny Nose Due To An Allergy
- Stay indoors when the pollen count is high, usually in the early morning and on windy days.
- Keep windows closed during allergy season, and use air conditioning whenever possible.
- Wear a dust mask if working outdoors. Change clothing and take a shower right away after coming indoors.
- Avoid contact with cats and dogs if you are sensitive to animal dander.
Also, there are many safe and effective over-the-counter medications available to help control allergy symptoms, such as nasal steroid sprays and oral antihistamines. If the symptoms are severe, your healthcare provider may recommend prescription medications, or refer you to an allergist for testing and targeted therapy.
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Parkinsons Disease In Florida
If the parent, spouse or loved one youre caring for has Parkinsons disease, the level of dopamine in the brain is very low because the nerve cells in the brain that produce them have been damaged. The exact cause of the damage isnt yet know, but the condition can still be treated effectively.
Whats known is that Parkinsons disease progresses through these five stages:
- Stage One: Movement symptoms such as tremor are mild and only affect one side of the body. Daily activities arent affected.
- Stage Two: Tremor and rigidity get worse and affect both sides of the body. Daily activities are affected.
- Stage Three: Movement slows, and there is a loss of balance. Falls are more likely, and daily activities such as dressing and eating are affected seriously.
- Stage Four: Symptoms are severe, and assistance is needed with walking. Its no longer safe to live alone.
- Stage Five: Standing and walking may no longer be possible, and 24-hour nursing supervision is needed. Delusions and hallucinations may occur.
Different doctors may use different scales to help determine the stage of progression your loved one is in over time. The stage will help inform treatment decisions. Ask the doctor to explain the scale being used so you and your loved one can track.
Since no two Parkinsons diagnoses are the same, its important to ask the doctor the right questions to plan for your long-term care.
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How Are They Treated
There is currently no known cure for PD. However, there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. Most treatments of the non-motor symptoms are specific to the symptom.3,4
For example, there are medicines that can reduce an overactive bladder in people who experience urinary problems. Or, pain may be relieved through a combination of medicine, physical therapy, and exercise.3,4
Some non-motor symptoms, such as constipation, sleep problems, psychotic symptoms, or impulsive behaviors, may be caused as a side effect of or worsened by drugs used to treat the motor symptoms of PD.3,4
In this case, people may be able to work with their doctors to adjust their medicine or dose. Complementary therapies, such as acupuncture or massage, may also help relieve some non-motor symptoms of PD.3,4
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What Other Symptoms May Come With A Runny Nose
Postnasal drip is a side effect of too much mucus. It occurs when the mucus goes down the back of your throat and is swallowed, which may lead to a cough or sore throat.
Sometimes, a runny nose and a congested, or stuffy, nose are seen together. Congestion occurs when the tissues lining the nose become swollen and make it difficult to breathe. The swelling is due to inflamed blood vessels. Mucus may begin to run out of your nose.
A runny nose due to a cold or flu may be accompanied by fatigue, sore throat, cough, facial pressure and sometimes fever.
A runny nose due to allergies may be accompanied by sneezing and itchy, watery eyes.
Rhinorrhea And Olfaction In Parkinson Disease
- Basile N.Landis, MD, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Geneva Medical School, [email protected]
- Pierre R. Burkhard, Department of Neurology, University of Geneva Medical School
Friedman et al. recently reported an intriguing study suggesting a high occurrence of rhinorrhea in patients with Parkinson Disease . Their findings conflict with our day-to-day experience. We have seen hundreds of PD patients who rarely, if ever, spontaneously complain of rhinorrhea. In addition, as Friedman et al acknowledge, there is an absence of similar findings in the medical literature.
We would like to raise some concerns regarding this study. In our opinion, Friedman et als report shows a number of methodological shortcomings. First, rhinorrhea was only assessed using questions, rather than being assessed semi-quantitatively with a visual analogical scale. Rhinorrhea is common in the general population and it is our experience that this subjective symptom frequently fails to be objectively confirmed. In order to minimize suggestive questioning, it would have been useful to grade rhinorrhea to ensure a semi-quantitative assessment of this symptom.
In light of these potential biases, which can only be ruled out by a careful nasal examination, these authors conclusions have to be taken with great caution until a more objective assessment confirms this interesting finding.
References
Disclosures: The authors report no disclosures.
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Can A Runny Nose Be Prevented
Practicing good hygiene is important and can often help stop germs from spreading. A runny nose is a symptom of some contagious conditions. Here are some simple tips to stop such germs from spreading:
- Wash your hands often.
- Throw away used tissues after blowing or wiping your nose.
- Keep away from those who have colds or infections.
- Eat healthily and exercise regularly to help boost your immune system.
- Cough and sneeze into the inside of your elbow, not into your hand.
- Clean and disinfect common surfaces such as tables and countertops, toys, door handles and bathroom fixtures.
Anatomy Thorax Phrenic Nerves
The phrenic nerve originates from the C3 through C5 nerve roots and consists of motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers. It provides complete motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensation to the central tendon aspect of the diaphragm.
The left phrenic nerve innervates the left diaphragmatic dome, and the right phrenic nerve innervates the right diaphragmatic dome. The motor innervation activation will cause the diaphragm to contract with inspiration, resulting in a flattened diaphragm. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to the dual dome shape.
The phrenic nerves provide motor innervation to the diaphragm and work in conjunction with secondary respiratory muscles to allow respiration.
The phrenic nerve supplies sensory innervation to the diaphragm. Pain arising from the diaphragm is often referred to the tip of the shoulder. For example, a patient with a subphrenic abscess or a ruptured spleen may complain of pain in the left shoulder. The hiccup reflex is due to irritation of the phrenic nerve.
Many people also have problems in the cervical vertebrae, especially the C3-C5 region where the phrenic nerves originate, including pain, soreness and a lot of clicking and grinding. It may be worth considering if the origin of these pains is due to diaphragm dysfunction rather than problems with the shoulder itself.
The article also mentions
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What Should I Know About Storage And Disposal Of This Medication
Keep this medication in the cartridge it came in and out of reach of children. Store it in the carrying case at room temperature and away from light, excess heat and moisture .
Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist or contact your local garbage/recycling department to learn about take-back programs in your community. See the FDA’s Safe Disposal of Medicines website for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program.
It is important to keep all medication out of sight and reach of children as many containers are not child-resistant and young children can open them easily. To protect young children from poisoning, always lock safety caps and immediately place the medication in a safe location â one that is up and away and out of their sight and reach.
Nasal Spray Could Be Used To Treat Parkinsons Disease
Parkinsons disease is an incurable neurodegenerative condition, affecting millions of people in the world. It is one of the leading causes of age-related dementia as well as a very common cause of disability or death.
Now scientists at the University of York are pushing to make a nasal spray treatment for patients with Parkinsons disease.
While Parkinsons disease is incurable, it doesnt mean that there are no treatment options. Symptomatic treatment is possible, even if it is not too effective, and it does improve the quality of life of the patients. The problem is that these drugs lose their effectiveness over time, because the body simply learns to break them down even before they have the opportunity to reach the brain. Therefore, the dosage is increased over time, pills are replaced with injections and with time the condition worsens anyway. Nasal spray could be a more effective solution, working through the nerves that service the nose.
Nasal spray delivers gel into the patients nose, which sticks long enough to release the drugs. Image credit: NIAID via Wikimedia
Khuloud Al-Jamal, one of the authors of the study from Kings College London, said: Not only did the gel perform better than a simple solution, but the brain uptake was better than that achieved using intravenous injection of the drug. This suggests that nasal delivery of Parkinsons drugs using this type of gel may have clinical relevance.
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Parkinsons Disease: Dr Chris On How To Spot Early Signs
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Parkinsons disease is a condition that causes the brain to become progressively more damaged over time, said the NHS. You could be at risk of the neurodegenerative condition if you find that you’re unusually dizzy, without any obvious reason, it’s been revealed.