Prevalence Rate Of Parkinson’s Disease
- Helena M.van der Holst, MD, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institue for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for [email protected]
- F.E. De Leeuw, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
We thank Prof. Kazuo Abe for his remarks on our recent article. Large studies investigating worldwide incidence and prevalence of Parkinson disease and parkinsonism are scarce. In prevalence studies, often only idiopathic PD is considered. It has been suggested that Asian populations have a lower prevalence of PD than in North America, Europe, and Australia. However, other etiologies of parkinsonism are frequently excluded and the possible concomitant prevalence of cerebral small vessel disease in study populations is usually not taken into account.
In a recent study on the prevalence of parkinsonism in a Japanese elderly population, 70 of 729 participants were diagnosed with parkinsonism and 21 of the 70 received a diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism . This was the most frequently observed diagnosis in the population, which is uncommon in community-dwelling populations in Western countries where PD is the prevailing observed etiology. This trend might be in line with the higher prevalence of vascular dementia in Japan compared to Alzheimer dementia.
1. van der Holst HM, van Uden IW, Tuladhar AM, et al. Cerebral small vessel disease and incident parkinsonism: The RUN DMC study. Neurology Epub 2015 Oct 7.
Treating Parkinsons With Complementary Medicine
Complementary medicine incorporates many different practices that can be used alongside conventional medicine to try to ease PD symptoms. There is typically not as much rigorous data to support the use of complementary medicine techniques, as compared to conventional medicine, but many patients find them helpful. These include yoga and massage.
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Theory Of Pd Progression: Braaks Hypothesis
Researchers believe a combination of genetic and environmental factors cause Parkinsons. In 2003, Heiko Braak, MD, hypothesized that an unknown pathogen in the gut could be the cause of PD.
This was followed by a more extensive hypothesis, stating that PD starts in two places: the neurons of the nasal cavity and the neurons in the gut. This is now known as Braaks hypothesis. In this theory, the pathogen enters the body via the nose and/or gets swallowed and reaches the gut. The pathogenic products thus come into contact with the olfactory and/or enteric neurons, triggering the aggregation of an abnormal protein called -Synuclein. The aggregated -Synuclein then spreads toward the central nervous system , and eventually arriving in and causing the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the area of the brain called the substantia nigra.
This theory is supported by evidence that non-movement symptoms, such as a loss of sense of smell, sleep disorders and constipation, may appear several years ahead of movement symptoms. For this reason, researchers focus on these non-motor symptoms to detect PD as early as possible and to look for ways to stop its progression.
Page reviewed by Dr. Jun Yu, Movement Disorders Fellow at the University of Florida, a Parkinsons Foundation Center of Excellence.
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The Impact Of Parkinsons Disease On Overall Health
Based on the Blue Cross Blue Shield Health Index, the overall health of those affected by Parkinsons is significantly lower than the general population. In 2017, the average BCBS Health Index for someone aged 30-64 with Parkinsons was 57, compared to 88 for the entire commercially insured population in this age range. This translates to an average of 10.7 years of healthy life lost for those with the condition compared to 3.4 years for the 30-64 population as a whole.4
Caring for someone with Parkinsons Disease
The majority of Parkinsons patients are cared for by informal caregivers, such as a family member. The physical, mental and emotional work this requires can be significant. The Impact of Caregiving on Mental and Physical Health found that caregivers have 26% poorer health compared to a benchmark population, as measured by the BCBS Health Index. In addition, a national survey conducted by the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association found that 1 in 4 unpaid caregivers are feeling more stress trying to balance work and family due to COVID-19.5
What Are The Best Balance Exercises For Parkinsons Disease Patients
Maintaining proper balance can be a considerable challenge, especially for people who have Parkinsons disease. But that does not imply that you should relax and be inactive. Remaining active is one of the essential things you can do to maintain your mental and physical health.
That said, there is no single prescription exercise for people with Parkinsons disease. For sedentary patients, moving and getting up could be crucial. Several activities can help Parkinsons patients to attain balance, including:
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Support For People Living With Parkinsons Disease
While the progression of Parkinsons is usually slow, eventually a persons daily routines may be affected. Activities such as working, taking care of a home, and participating in social activities with friends may become challenging. Experiencing these changes can be difficult, but support groups can help people cope. These groups can provide information, advice, and connections to resources for those living with Parkinsons disease, their families, and caregivers. The organizations listed below can help people find local support groups and other resources in their communities.
Global Parkinsons Disease Treatment Market Size
Globally, the size of the Parkinsons Disease Treatment Market is estimated to be growing at a CAGR of 5.97% from 2022 to 2027. The size of the market is predicted to value USD 6.39 billion by 2027 from USD 4.78 billion in 2022.
The slow development in stages of a neurological disorder that has features of the inexpressive face, the slowdown of spontaneous moments, walking with short steps, particular posture and muscle weakness which is caused by an area in the brain, and also low production of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is often termed as Parkinson’s disease.
Y-O-Y growth in the aging population suffering from Parkinson’s disease is the primary factor driving the global Parkinsons disease treatment market growth.
Additionally, the increase in healthcare expenditure by the governments in research and development is the factor that drives the growth of the Parkinson’s disease treatment market. The pharmacies that are available online are to grow faster during the forecast period. Robust health infrastructure and skilled neurologists professionals are the hospitals’ driving factors, which propel the global Parkinson’s disease treatment market.
Government authority or license, especially having the power to remove the others from applying branded drugs and the strong pipeline of products, is the opportunity provided during the forecast period.
Impact of COVID-19 on the global Parkinsons disease treatment market:
REPORT COVERAGE:
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Psychological And Physical Approaches
- Tai Chi. Thereâs limited evidence that tai chi may help to improve balance in some people with Parkinsonâs disease, but studies have had mixed results. In a 2012 study of people with mild-to-moderate Parkinsonâs, the group assigned to do tai chi twice a week for 24 weeks had greater improvements in their balance, stability, and walking speed compared to the groups who did resistance training or stretching. The tai chi group was also more likely to continue exercising after the 24 weeks, a follow-up study showed. However, two or three tai chi classes a week over 16 weeks wasnât associated with improvements in walking, a smaller, 2013 study funded by NCCIH showed.
- Massage and Acupuncture. The research on massage and acupuncture for people with Parkinsonâs is limited. Thereâs no strong evidence that either helps to reduce symptoms.
- Dance. Compared to other forms of exercise, taking dance lessons, particularly Argentine tango, appears to help with some symptoms of Parkinsonâs for at least the short term, research reviews of multiple, small studies show. In general, participantsâ balance, mobility, and quality of life improved. The studies didnât include participants with advanced Parkinsonâs.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
rTMS uses magnetic pulses to stimulate targeted areas of the brain. Itâs been approved for certain types of depression, and a few studies show that it may improve some symptoms of Parkinsonâs. rTMS is non-invasive and differs from deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure used to treat several disabling symptoms of Parkinsonâs.
Caregivers: To protect your health and well-being, consider joining a support group, establishing a daily routine for yourself, getting exercise, and seeing your own health care provider as needed. For a list of resources, including adult day care or respite care, check out Eldercare listings or contact the groups listed here.
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What Is The Prevalence
It is important to understand the difference between incidence and prevalence. Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease that are diagnosed in a time period. Usually, incidence is the number of new cases per year.3
Prevalence is the number of cases of a disease that exist at any point in time. This number is larger because it includes new cases and all the existing cases of a disease.3
In 2014, the Parkinsons Foundation started a project to get a better measurement of PD prevalence. Currently, there are an estimated 1 million people in the United States living with PD. About 60,000 people in the United States are diagnosed each year with PD in the United States. Experts estimate there will be 1.2 million people in the United States living with PD by 2030.1,3
Overall And Disease Related Mortality In Parkinsons Disease A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Article type: Research Article
Authors: Hoogland, Jeroena* | Post, Bartb | de Bie, Rob M.A.a
Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Correspondence: Correspondence to: Jeroen Hoogland, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 20 5666822 E-mail: .
Keywords: Parkinson disease, mortality, cohort studies, survival analyses
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-191652
Journal: Journal of Parkinsons Disease, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 767-774, 2019
Abstract
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What Are The Management Options For Canadians Living With Parkinsonism
There is currently no cure for Parkinsons disease and most other parkinsonism cases. However, treatment options are available to help mitigate the symptoms and health impacts associated with these conditions. Most often the primary treatment is pharmacological, but it may also include other therapeutic options and, in the case of Parkinsons disease, surgical interventions. Studies have shown that specially tailored exercise programs, supervised by physiotherapists or other trained professionals, may help affected individuals maintain or improve their physical functionality and general well-being.Footnote 2Footnote 3Footnote 4Footnote 5
Box 1: Whats in the data?
The data used in this publication are from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System , a collaborative network of provincial and territorial chronic disease surveillance systems, led by the Public Health Agency of Canada . The CCDSS identifies chronic disease cases from provincial and territorial administrative health databases, including physician billing claims and hospital discharge abstract records, linked to provincial and territorial health insurance registry records using a unique personal identifier. Data on all residents eligible for provincial or territorial health insurance are captured in the health insurance registries.
Definition of diagnosed parkinsonism, including Parkinsons disease, in the CCDSS
What Causes Parkinsons Disease
The most prominent signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease occur when nerve cells in the basal ganglia, an area of the brain that controls movement, become impaired and/or die. Normally, these nerve cells, or neurons, produce an important brain chemical known as dopamine. When the neurons die or become impaired, they produce less dopamine, which causes the movement problems associated with the disease. Scientists still do not know what causes the neurons to die.
People with Parkinsons disease also lose the nerve endings that produce norepinephrine, the main chemical messenger of the sympathetic nervous system, which controls many functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure. The loss of norepinephrine might help explain some of the non-movement features of Parkinsons, such as fatigue, irregular blood pressure, decreased movement of food through the digestive tract, and sudden drop in blood pressure when a person stands up from a sitting or lying position.
Many brain cells of people with Parkinsons disease contain Lewy bodies, unusual clumps of the protein alpha-synuclein. Scientists are trying to better understand the normal and abnormal functions of alpha-synuclein and its relationship to genetic mutations that impact Parkinsons andLewy body dementia.
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Impact On Families And Carers
Informal carers spendmany hours dailyproviding care for people living with PD.This can be overwhelming. Physical, emotional and financial pressures can cause great stress to families and carers, and support is required from the health, social, financial and legal systems. Useful support resources from other conditions can be drawn upon, such as WHOs iSupport programme for dementia.
Regional Analysis Of Trends
Table and Fig. show the trends in age-and sex-standardized incidence and prevalence of PD per 100,00 individuals by 17 regions from 2010 to 2015. During this period, the age-and sex-standardized incidence of PD increased in all regions of the country except for Sejong-si. Sejong-si was separated from provinces Chungbuk and Chungnam as a new administrative metropolitan city in 2012. Gyeongbuk and Jeonbuk experienced the largest increase in the incidence of PD from 2010 to 2015. The incidence ratios of these two regions were 1.6 and 1.5, respectively. The highest incidence of PD was recorded in Jeju in 2010 and Jeonbuk in 2015.
Table 3 Age-and sex-standardized incidence and prevalence per 100,000 population by region from 2010 to 2015Fig. 4
Regional trends in age- and sex-standardized incidence and prevalence per 100,000 population from 2010 to 2015. a Incidence in 2010, b Incidence in 2015, c Prevalence in 2010, d Prevalence in 2015.
The age-and sex-standardized prevalence of PD increased in all regions from 2010 to 2015. The largest increase was recorded in Jeonbuk with a prevalence ratio of 1.4 from 2010 to 2015. The highest prevalence of PD was in Seoul in 2010 , and in Jeonbuk in 2015 . The region with the lowest prevalence of PD was Chungbuk. .
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How Common Is Parkinson’s Disease
The incidence of Parkinsons disease has been increasing in most countries around the world. This is likely due to an increase in life expectancy in the general population, as the condition is seen more often with older age. In the United States, Parkinsons disease affects almost six per 1,000 people age 45 and over.
Complications Related To Parkinsons Can Affect Survival
Claudia Chaves, MD, is board-certified in cerebrovascular disease and neurology with a subspecialty certification in vascular neurology.
Parkinsons is a common neurodegenerative disease, and although it is not fatal, research suggests it may influence life expectancy.
A 2012 study in Archives of Neurology examined the six-year survival of nearly 140,000 Medicare beneficiaries with Parkinsons disease in the United States. During the six-year period, 64% of the participants with Parkinsons disease passed away.
The risk of death of those with Parkinsons was then compared to Medicare beneficiaries who did not have Parkinsons or any other common diseases, including:
When controlling for variables like age, race, and gender, the six-year risk of death among people with Parkinsons was found to be nearly four times greater than those Medicare beneficiaries without the disease or other common diseases.
At the same time, the rate of death among those with Parkinsons disease was similar to those with hip fracture, Alzheimers dementia, or a recent heart attackalthough it was higher than those who had been newly diagnosed with either colorectal cancer, stroke, ischemic heart disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Can Parkinsons Disease Be Cured
No, Parkinsons disease is not curable. However, it is treatable, and many treatments are highly effective. It might also be possible to delay the progress and more severe symptoms of the disease.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Parkinsons disease is a very common condition, and it is more likely to happen to people as they get older. While Parkinsons isnt curable, there are many different ways to treat this condition. They include several different classes of medications, surgery to implant brain-stimulation devices and more. Thanks to advances in treatment and care, many can live for years or even decades with this condition and can adapt to or receive treatment for the effects and symptoms.
How Do I Take Care Of Myself
If you have Parkinsons disease, the best thing you can do is follow the guidance of your healthcare provider on how to take care of yourself.
- Take your medication as prescribed. Taking your medications can make a huge difference in the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. You should take your medications as prescribed and talk to your provider if you notice side effects or start to feel like your medications arent as effective.
- See your provider as recommended. Your healthcare provider will set up a schedule for you to see them. These visits are especially important to help with managing your conditions and finding the right medications and dosages.
- Dont ignore or avoid symptoms. Parkinsons disease can cause a wide range of symptoms, many of which are treatable by treating the condition or the symptoms themselves. Treatment can make a major difference in keeping symptoms from having worse effects.
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Support For People With Parkinsons Disease
Early access to a multidisciplinary support team is important. These teams may include doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, dietitians, social workers and specialist nurses. Members of the team assess the person with Parkinsons disease and identify potential difficulties and possible solutions.There are a limited number of multidisciplinary teams in Victoria that specialise in Parkinsons disease management. But generalist teams are becoming more aware of how to help people with Parkinsons disease.