The Gut And Parkinsons
There appears to be a greater connection between gut and brain in the disease process of PD not formerly recognized. No wonder ancient Japanese civilizations believed that the center of wisdom was the gut. We allude to this when we use the term “gut feelings.” According to recent studies, people with Parkinsons not only have different flora in their gut compared to those without PD, but also have a specific bacteria known as Enterobacteriaceae, which has a direct correlation in symptom presentation. Those who have a greater number of this pathogen in their system appear to have an increased difficulty with gait and balance.
Review Of Include Studies
Figure 3.Effect of probiotics on frequency of bowel movements of people with Parkinson disease.
Figure 4.Effect of probiotics on the stool consistency of people with Parkinson disease.
Another two RCTs published by Iranian groups systematically investigated the influence of probiotics. These two RCTs recruited PwP and evaluated the changes in their metabolic profiles and gene expressions after 12 weeks of probiotics treatment. Tamtaji et al. argued that probiotic treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Score and a reduction of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress compared with placebo treatment . Additionally, probiotic treatment also caused a statistically significant reduction in insulin levels and insulin resistance and a statistically significant rise in insulin sensitivity. Borzabadi et al. found that probiotic treatment downregulated the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with controls . Furthermore, probiotics upregulated the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-, and the metabolism regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. These two RCTs indicated that probiotics manipulation of gut microbiota may work not only on GI symptoms but also systemic pathology.
Multivariable Association Between Clinical Metadata And Gut Microbiota Of Patients With Pd
The multivariable association analysis between gut microbiota and UPDRS, mental metadata , and defecation-related clinical indicators were implemented by MaAsLin2. Our results showed a strong correlation between seven clinical indicators, namely the scores of MMSE, PDSS, HAMA, HAMD, UPDRS , as well as feces hardness and the number of spontaneous defecation , with 90 gut SGBs .
Fig. 3: Association between fecal species-level genome bins of patients with Parkinsons disease and clinical indicators of Parksoion-associated symptoms.
Association between gut microbiota and a mental state and sleep quality of patients, b patients disease progression , and c constipation-related symptoms . Marker SGBs for PD were marked by a green star. + and represent a positive and negative association, respectively.
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Natural Remedy For Parkinsons #4 Chlorella And Borax:
If you have a neurological disease such as Parkinsons orAlzheimers, the importance of removing heavy metals from the body especiallyfrom the brain and nervous system cannot be overstated. Heavy metalsaccumulate in the brain and nervous system at a rapid rate and cause damage tothe neurological pathways and brain inflammation. Fluoride is one ofthe worst, however, mercury, lead, aluminium and cadmium are also extremely dangerous.Chlorella and borax not only remove these heavy metals completely, theycontinue to prevent further toxic build-ups.
Chlorella is a miracle blue-green algae and one of themost powerful detoxifiers and chelators yet discovered. Whenits combined with cilantro, its benefits are enhancedsignificantly. A Russian study found that chlorella, combined with cilantro,was able to remove all heavy metals from the body, including fluoride and mercury,with no adverse or harmful side effects. You can purchase chlorellain powdered form online or from most health food stores. Just make sure you buythe Broken Cell Wall Chlorella as this is the strongest and most bio-available.For dosage recommendations, simply follow the directions on the container.
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Probiotic Inhibits And Reverses Aggregation
For their study, Doitsidou and her colleagues used a nematode worm model that scientists had genetically engineered to express a human version of the alpha-synuclein protein.
These worms normally develop aggregates, or clumps, of alpha-synuclein at day 1 of their adulthood, which is 72 hours after they hatch.
However, when the researchers fed worms a diet containing a probiotic bacterial strain called Bacillus subtilis PXN21, they observed a nearly complete absence of aggregates, as they state in their paper. The worms still produced the alpha-synuclein protein, but it did not aggregate in the same way.
In worms that had already developed protein aggregates, switching their diet to B. subtilis cleared the aggregates from the affected cells.
The team then followed a set of worms through their lifespan and compared a B. subtilis diet with a conventional laboratory diet.
The maximum number of aggregates reached in animals fed with B. subtilis was far lower than that observed on the diet, indicating that B. subtilis does not simply delay aggregate formation, the authors explain in the paper.
B. subtilis PXN21 inhibits and reverses aggregation in a model, they note.
Is this effect specific for B. subtilis PXN21, though? To answer this question, the team compared a number of different strains of the bacterium and found that they had similar effects.
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Bacteria And Growth Conditions
Six probiotic strains , from the Probiotical SpA collection, have been used in the present study: probiotic strains were stored in 20% glycerol at 80°C. More than 90% of the cells were alive upon thawing. Before use, microorganisms were grown in anaerobic conditions with CO2-generating kits overnight at 37°C in de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth containing 0.05% cysteine hydrochloride, and then sub-cultured until the mid-log phase. For the enumeration of live bacteria, the BD Cell Viability Kit were used as instructed by the manufacturer. For stimulation experiments, bacteria were suspended in RPMI-1640 medium and added to PBMCs cultures.
Risk Of Bias Assessment
The results of risk of bias assessment are shown in Figure 2A, 2B. Overall, risk of bias was medium across the included RCT studies. All RCT studies had risk of some concerns regarding performance bias. One trial had another medium risk of allocation bias, measurement bias, and reporting bias. For non-RCT studies, both had a moderate overall risk of bias, especially on bias due to confounding, bias in selection of participants into the study, bias in measurement of outcomes, and bias in selection of the reported result.
Figure 2. Risk of bias assessment randomized controlled trials nonrandomized controlled trials. green light with cross: low risk yellow light with question mark: some concerns.
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18 January 2019
Sebastiaan P. van Kessel, Alexandra K. Frye, Sahar El Aidy
06 August 2019
K. G. Jameson & E. Y. Hsiao
volume 8, Article number: 62
Home Remedyfor Parkinsons #5 Vitamin D & Vitamin E:
Inflammation and low immunity are two powerful factorsthat contribute to the development and worsening of Parkinsons disease. Bothvitamin D and vitamin E are strong anti-inflammatories and immune boosters. VitaminD & E also protect our brain cells and can even help damaged neurons regenerate. A deficiency of these key vitamins has also been linked to brain difficultiessuch as poor memory and recall attainability.
In regards to PD, a study of 157 Parkinsons patientsfound that the vast majority of them had severe to chronic vitamin Ddeficiencies. The findings, published in the Archives of Neurology in March of 2011, revealed a strong linkbetween inadequate levels of vitamin D and the onset of early Parkinsonsdisease.4
Back in 2002, another study was published in the Archives of Neurology which tracked themental decline of 3,000 men and women diagnosed with Parkinsons disease over a period of 7 years. The study found the participants whose supplemental vitamin E intakewas higher experienced a 36% reduction in theseverity of their symptoms compared to the rest of the group. Another study, whichappeared in the Lancet Neurology onlinemagazine in 2005, showed that vitamin E may actually prevent Parkinsonsdisease from developing in the first place! 8
Where to Get Your Vitamin D and Vitamin E From?
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Probiotics Treatment For Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review And Meta
Chien-Tai Hong1,2,, Jia-Hung Chen1,, Tsai-Wei Huang3,4,5,6,,
- 1 Department of Neurology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 3 School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 4 Department of Nursing, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 5 Center for Nursing and Healthcare Research in Clinical Practice Application, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 6 Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Received: May 20, 2022 Accepted: August 24, 2022 Published: September 9, 2022
Gut Microbiota And Its Metabolites Are Altered In Pd Patients
Several studies have examined alteration in gut microbiota composition in PD patients, but as observed in other disease states, the results are heterogenous in terms of differences in specific taxa . There are several factors that contribute to such variability, including lack of standardization in sample collection and sequencing techniques , differences in study design, sample size, geographical diversity of patient population, and heterogeneous nature of PD .
Table 1. Gut microbiota alterations in Parkinsons disease
| Study Number | |
|---|---|
| Bacteroidetes , Prevotellaceae , Lactobacillaceae , Enterococcaceae, Species: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Constipation |
PD, Parkinsons disease qPCR, quantitative PCR.
In an attempt to identify potential link between gut microbiota and PD, we will next examine factors that contribute to alterations in gut microbiota, and then discuss how gut microbiota changes could contribute to PD.
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Current Gaps And Future Directions
Modification of the gut microbiome and/or metabolome using dietary,62 probiotics, and other approaches may provide new therapeutic, and possibly even preventative,63 options in PD. However, there currently remain many knowledge gaps surrounding the use of probiotics in PD. These offer a rich ground for further studies.
For a start, welldesigned and highresolution investigations on the gut microbiome and especially functional alterations in PD need to be conducted, and their findings need to be replicated and further dissected . In the general probiotic field, insights into probiotic mechanisms of action have mostly been gleaned from in vitro, cell culture, or animal studies,38 and future research should also incorporate studies investigating their actions in humans .39
The clinical effects of probiotic supplementation on important PD features, including parkinsonian motor disability, motor response complications , and other common nonmotor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and psychosis, are important areas for further research. Longerterm studies examining probiotic efficacy and safety are needed, although these may be quite challenging to perform, particularly in PD . Another major barrier in PD clinical research has been the lack of reliable biomarkers for measuring disease severity and, therefore, the need to rely on clinical rating scales with their inherent limitations.60, 64, 65, 66, 67
Parkinsons Help From Your Gut
With no cure in sight, any advantage we can get over a disease like Parkinsons is a beneficial step. Studies have found that the bacteria living in your gut, and improving your gut health, could be the next best thing in fighting the symptoms of the disease.
Tests conducted with mice showed that, when dosed with microbes taken from a Parkinsons patient, their symptoms became much worse. Other studies showed that mice only developed Parkinsons symptoms if gut germs were present first.
The gut microbes appear to activate microglia, which are the brain-resident immune cells, and this leads to the neuroinflammation that is characteristic of Parkinsons disease. The microbes present in the gut do not cause the disease, but they indicate a significant link that can help us to identify treatment for the condition.
The gut of Parkinsons patients harbors a very distinct gut bacteria, which could lead to much-needed new therapies.
Countless studies have already been conducted that show how bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and fungi that live within and on us impact our health. These microorganisms, specifically bacteria , are responsible for digesting our food.
Our health depends on a very specific balance of these within our gut. When the microbiome becomes unbalanced, we are at greater risk for diseases ranging from autism to cancer.
| Related: Treating Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Probiotics |
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Potential Roles And Mechanistic Effects Of Probiotics
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host.37 The therapeutic and prophylactic effects of probiotic administration are thought to be mediated through a wide assortment of mechanisms, which have been well described elsewhere,37, 38, 39 and are briefly summarized here.
The host gut microbiota can be impacted by probiotic supplementation through competition , antagonism, and crossfeeding.37, 38 The formation of biofilms by probiotic bacteria promotes colonization and longer permanence in the mucosa of the host and avoids the attachment of pathogenic bacteria.40 Many probiotic strains are antagonistic toward other microorganisms due to the production of organic acids , which lower luminal pH, and also bacteriocins, which inhibit pathogens in the human gut and urinary tract.41 Interestingly, supplementation with Lactobacillus probiotics during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy has been found to improve eradication efficacy, presumably due to their antagonistic activity against H. pylori.42 Crossfeeding between probiotic bacteria and host microbiota can promote the production of SCFAs such as butyrate in the gut, with benefits as described above.38
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Copyright: © 2022 Hong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Will I Be Able To Take Part In This Study
The researchers are no longer looking for participants.
Should the study be a success, it will hopefully lead to further research and larger scale clinical trials of the benefits of improving the gut microbiotia in Parkinsons.
If you are interested in searching for other research opportunities happening near you please go to our Take Part Hub.
Data Retrieval And Zotu Picking
Raw reads were downloaded from SRA or the European Nucleotide Archive . Adapters were removed using the bbtools suit. Data were analyzed using Lotus and the UNOISE3 algorithm for zOTUs calculation, bundled in a new Lotus version , currently under development. Due to the technical variability among datasets the filtering parameters used by the sdm program called by Lotus, were adjusted for each dataset independently and are reported in the supplementary materials . For the datasets of Petrov et al. and Weis et al., we had to decrease the accepted minimum error due to the low quality of the sequencing data . 16S-based functional predictions were obtained using the default settings in picrust2 and the Metacyc database. In this analysis, the dataset of Qian et al. was not included, as with the default cutoffs the sequences aligned poorly with the reference database used. Count tables for species, genera, families, and functional predictions were then analyzed using R v3.6.2 and processed using the phyloseq R package. We then retained all samples with > 4500 reads, as well as taxa with > 5 counts and predicted functionalities with > 20 counts in at least 2.5% of the samples. These filtration steps left a total of 1211 and 1121 samples for the taxonomic and predicted-function data, respectively. Enterotypes were predicted using rarefied relative abundances of genera via the web-platform.
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Parkinsons Disease: Are Gut Microbes Involved
Parkinsons disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and gastrointestinal deficits. Despite its prevalence, the pathophysiology of PD is not well understood. Recent studies highlight the role of gut microbiota in neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the potential role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of PD. We first describe how gut microbiota can be influenced by factors predisposing individuals to PD, such as environmental toxins, aging, and host genetics. We then highlight the effect of gut microbiota on mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of PD, including disrupted microbiota gut brain axis , barrier dysfunction, and immune dysfunction. It is too early to connect the dots between gut microbiota and PD to establish causation, and experiments focused on investigating interrelationship between gut microbiota and associated metabolites on GBA, barrier dysfunction, and immune activation will be crucial to fill in the gaps.
Probiotics May Aid In Relieving Parkinson Diseaserelated Anxiety
Research led by Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute scientist Dr Silke Appel-Cresswell is the first to examine whether a multistrain probiotic could help relieve anxiety symptoms in people with Parkinson disease. Parkinson disease often causes muscle rigidity linked to reduced dopamine levels, along with tremors or slowed movements. Dopamine replacement therapy can help relieve symptoms of anxiety and stiffness among some patients, but existing treatments take a while to kick in, and often wear off within a few hours.
For her randomized, triple-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial, Treating Anxiety in Parkinsons Disease with a Multi-Strain Probiotic , Appel-Cresswell is recruiting adults with Parkinson disease ages 40 to 80 to investigate the effectiveness of the Ecologic BARRIER849 probiotic as an anxiety reduction treatment. The over-the-counter probioticnot currently available in Canadian storescontains a mixture of live bacterial cultures targeted at promoting a healthy gut flora, which the research team believes may set off a chain reaction that stops the anxiety cycle.
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